Overview


Minagene offers advanced genetic testing for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), a group of inherited disorders affecting the adrenal glands' hormone production. Our comprehensive CAH genetic testing service provides valuable insights into the underlying genetic factors contributing to CAH, enabling accurate diagnosis, personalized management plans, and improved patient care.


What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?


Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, leading to impaired production of cortisol and sometimes other hormones such as aldosterone. CAH is most commonly caused by mutations in the genes responsible for producing enzymes involved in cortisol synthesis. These enzyme deficiencies can result in a variety of symptoms and complications, including hormonal imbalances, ambiguous genitalia in females, and potential adrenal crises.


The Importance of Genetic Testing


Genetic testing plays a crucial role in the accurate diagnosis and management of CAH. By identifying disease-causing genetic variants, genetic testing provides valuable information about the specific enzyme deficiency, enabling targeted treatment approaches and personalized management plans. It also helps identify individuals at risk of carrying CAH-causing genetic variants, facilitating genetic counseling and family planning.


Key Highlights of the Test:



Key Highlights of the Test:




  • Minagene’s CAH genetic testing service utilizes state-of-the-art genetic analysis techniques to examine genes associated with CAH. Our comprehensive approach offers the following key features:




    • Genetic Variant Analysis: We analyze specific genes associated with CAH, including CYP21A2, CYP11B1, HSD3B2, and others, to identify disease-causing variants and assess the enzyme deficiencies involved in cortisol synthesis.




    • Accurate Diagnosis: Our genetic testing service provides an accurate and definitive diagnosis of CAH by identifying the specific genetic variants responsible for the condition. This enables clinicians to tailor treatment plans and management strategies accordingly.




    • Personalized Treatment Strategies: Genetic testing results help guide personalized treatment strategies for individuals with CAH. By understanding the specific enzyme deficiency, clinicians can prescribe appropriate hormone replacement therapies and monitor treatment effectiveness.




    • Genetic Counseling: Genetic testing results can provide valuable information for genetic counseling and family planning. They help identify carriers of CAH-causing genetic variants and inform individuals and families about the risk of passing the condition to future generations.




    • Early Intervention and Management: Early detection of CAH through genetic testing allows for timely interventions and management strategies. With early diagnosis, appropriate hormone replacement therapies can be initiated promptly, reducing the risk of complications and optimizing long-term outcomes.






Who Should Consider CAH Genetic Testing?






    • Individuals with Suspected CAH: Genetic testing is recommended for individuals suspected of having CAH, especially those presenting with ambiguous genitalia, hormonal imbalances, or adrenal crises. It helps confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific enzyme deficiency involved.




    • Family Members of Affected Individuals: Genetic testing is beneficial for family members of individuals diagnosed with CAH. It helps identify carriers of CAH-causing genetic variants, facilitating genetic counseling and family planning decisions.




    • Newborn Screening Programs: Incorporating CAH genetic testing into newborn screening programs can aid in the early detection of the condition, allowing for timely interventions and improved long-term outcomes.














Overview


Minagene's Clinical Exome V4 is an advanced genetic testing service that utilizes state-of-the-art sequencing technologies to analyze the protein-coding regions of the genome, known as the exome. By examining thousands of genes associated with various genetic disorders, this comprehensive test provides clinicians with valuable insights into the molecular basis of complex and rare diseases, enabling accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment strategies, and improved patient care.


Methodology



The Clinical Exome


The Clinical Exome V4 test employs next-generation sequencing techniques to capture and sequence the exonic regions of an individual’s genome. This high-throughput approach allows for the analysis of thousands of genes simultaneously, providing a broad and in-depth assessment of the genetic variants that may contribute to a patient’s condition.


Key Highlights of the Test:


Key Highlights of the Test:




  • Comprehensive Genetic Analysis: The Clinical Exome V4 test offers a comprehensive analysis of the exome, covering a vast number of disease-associated genes. By examining a wide range of genetic variants, including single nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertions and deletions (indels), and copy number variations (CNVs), the test provides a comprehensive view of the patient’s genetic landscape, aiding in the identification of disease-causing variants.




  • Accurate Diagnosis: The test enables accurate diagnosis by identifying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants associated with genetic disorders. By comparing the patient’s genetic profile with a vast database of known disease-associated variants, the test helps clinicians pinpoint the underlying cause of the patient’s condition, leading to more precise diagnoses and appropriate treatment plans.




  • Personalized Treatment Strategies: The Clinical Exome V4 test assists in developing personalized treatment strategies by identifying genetic variants that may impact drug response or guide targeted therapies. By understanding an individual’s unique genetic makeup, clinicians can tailor treatment plans, select appropriate medications, and optimize therapeutic outcomes.




  • Identification of Rare and Novel Variants: The test has a particular focus on detecting rare and novel variants that may not be captured by other genetic testing methods. By exploring the exome comprehensively, it enhances the chances of identifying unique genetic variants that may be responsible for a patient’s condition, even in cases where a diagnosis was previously elusive.




  • Enhanced Variant Interpretation: Minagene’s Clinical Exome V4 benefits from advanced variant interpretation algorithms and a curated variant knowledgebase. This enables clinicians to access up-to-date information on variant pathogenicity, supporting accurate variant classification and reducing the risk of misinterpretation.




When to Consider This Test:




  • Complex and Undiagnosed Cases: The Clinical Exome V4 test is particularly valuable in complex and undiagnosed cases where the underlying cause of a patient’s condition is unclear. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the exome, it increases the chances of identifying disease-causing variants and providing a definitive diagnosis.




  • Rare Genetic Disorders: The test is beneficial in cases suspected to have rare genetic disorders. It enables the detection of rare and novel variants associated with these conditions, aiding in accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and genetic counseling for patients and their families.




  • Therapeutic Decision-Making: The test assists in therapeutic decision-making by identifying genetic variants that may impact drug response or guide targeted therapies. This information helps clinicians select the most suitable medications, optimize treatment plans, and improve patient outcomes.




  • Family Screening and Counseling: The Clinical Exome V4 test supports family screening and counseling for genetic disorders. By identifying disease-causing variants, it allows for the identification of at-risk family members and facilitates informed decision-making regarding family planning and genetic counseling.




  • Research and Clinical Trials: The test contributes to research efforts and clinical trials focused on genetic disorders. By participating in genetic studies, patients can help advance knowledge about rare diseases, potentially leading to the development of new treatments and therapeutic approaches.












Overview


Minagene's Genetics of Ophthalmic Disorders is a comprehensive genetic testing service that focuses on the genetic factors underlying various ophthalmic conditions. By analyzing specific genetic variants associated with ocular disorders, this test provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of these conditions, enabling precise diagnosis, personalized treatment strategies, and improved patient outcomes in the field of ophthalmology.


Methodology



The Genetics of Ophthalmic


The Genetics of Ophthalmic Disorders test utilizes state-of-the-art genetic analysis techniques, including next-generation sequencing and targeted genotyping, to examine genes known to be associated with different ophthalmic conditions. By analyzing an individual’s genetic profile, this test provides clinicians with valuable information regarding disease-causing variants, potential disease progression, and response to specific treatments.


Key Highlights of the Test:


Key Highlights of the Test:




  • Precise Diagnosis: The Genetics of Ophthalmic Disorders test enables precise diagnosis by identifying genetic variants associated with various ocular conditions. By uncovering the underlying genetic factors contributing to a patient’s disease, clinicians can achieve a more accurate diagnosis, leading to tailored treatment plans and improved patient management.




  • Personalized Treatment Strategies: By analyzing an individual’s genetic profile, the test helps in developing personalized treatment strategies for ophthalmic disorders. It provides insights into potential drug targets, response to specific medications, and the likelihood of disease progression, allowing clinicians to optimize treatment plans and achieve better therapeutic outcomes.




  • Identification of Disease-Causing Variants: The test identifies disease-causing genetic variants associated with a wide range of ophthalmic disorders, including inherited retinal diseases, glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal dystrophies, among others. This information helps clinicians understand the genetic basis of the disease and provides valuable guidance for patient management and counseling.




  • Proactive Disease Management: Genetic information obtained from the test allows for proactive disease management by identifying individuals at higher risk of developing certain ophthalmic disorders. This enables early intervention, regular monitoring, and the implementation of preventive measures to mitigate the progression or severity of the condition.




  • Research Advancements: The Genetics of Ophthalmic Disorders test contributes to ongoing research efforts in the field of ophthalmology. By analyzing a large cohort of patients with diverse ocular conditions, the test generates valuable data that can be used to further understand the genetic basis of these disorders, develop novel therapies, and advance the field of precision medicine in ophthalmology.




When to Consider This Test:




  • Diagnostic Dilemmas: The Genetics of Ophthalmic Disorders test is particularly valuable in cases where traditional diagnostic approaches have been inconclusive or when there is a suspicion of a genetic component underlying the ocular condition. It can provide crucial insights into the genetic basis of the disease, leading to a more accurate diagnosis and appropriate management strategies.




  • Inherited Ophthalmic Conditions: The test is beneficial when evaluating individuals with a family history of inherited ophthalmic disorders. It helps identify disease-causing genetic variants, predict disease progression, and guide treatment decisions for affected individuals and their family members.




  • Treatment Optimization: The test assists in optimizing treatment plans for ophthalmic disorders by providing information on an individual’s genetic profile and drug response. This enables clinicians to select the most appropriate medications, adjust dosages, and personalize treatment strategies to maximize therapeutic benefits.




  • Risk Assessment and Counseling: The test aids in assessing an individual’s risk of developing certain ophthalmic disorders, particularly in cases where there is a known genetic predisposition. This information allows for proactive management, genetic counseling, and the implementation of preventive measures to reduce disease risk.




  • Research and Clinical Trials: The Genetics of Ophthalmic Disorders test contributes to ongoing research efforts and clinical trials in the field of ophthalmology. By participating in genetic studies, patients can help advance knowledge about ocular conditions, potentially leading to the development of new treatments and therapeutic approaches.







Overview


Trio Exome Analysis is a powerful approach in the field of genetic diagnostics, specifically tailored to identify causal mutations for inherited diseases. This method utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to simultaneously sequence the coding regions of all genes within a family pedigree, providing valuable insights into the genetic basis of the disease.


By analyzing the trio, consisting of the affected individual and both parents, Trio Exome Analysis can detect variants inherited from the parents that may cause recessive or dominant diseases. Additionally, it can identify de novo variants that arise in the offspring but are not present in either parent.


Methodology


Genomic DNA

Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples is subjected to NGS using an Illumina platform, capturing and sequencing the coding regions of all genes. The resulting sequence data is aligned and analyzed for sequence variants.


Key Highlights of the Test:


Key Highlights of the Test:




    • Diagnostic Odyssey Resolution: Trio analysis becomes instrumental in cases where alternative diagnostic techniques fail to confirm a diagnosis, providing a pathway to end the diagnostic odyssey.




    • Enhanced Patient Management: Trio analysis aids in better patient management and can facilitate prenatal diagnosis where applicable, empowering physicians to provide more targeted care.




    • Overcoming Clinical Heterogeneity: Trio Exome Analysis is particularly valuable in situations where definitive clinical diagnosis is challenging due to clinical heterogeneity, especially for rare congenital disorders where traditional methods fall short in identifying the causal variant.




    Trio Exome Analysis, utilizing whole exome or clinical exome sequencing, enables the simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes. This approach allows for the identification of various genetic alterations, including insertions/deletions (indels), single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Moreover, this familial analysis-based approach assists in excluding variants that do not conform to Mendelian transmission, reducing false positive calls and narrowing down potential candidate variants.




  • Compared to analyzing only the proband, the overall diagnostic yield of Trio Exome Analysis utilizing exome sequencing has shown a 5-10% increase, emphasizing its significant contribution to genetic diagnostics.




Situations Where Trio Exome Test Can Be Used:

The Trio Exome Test is recommended when an individual’s medical examination, laboratory findings, and family history suggest an underlying genetic etiology. Here are some scenarios where the test can be valuable:




  • Undiagnosed Genetic Diseases: When extensive evaluation and multiple genetic tests fail to identify the cause of a genetic disease, Trio Exome Analysis can provide valuable insights for diagnosis.




  • Medical Intervention and Treatment: Trio analysis can facilitate medical intervention, treatment planning, and personalized care based on the identified genetic variants.




  • Reproductive Planning and Recurrence Risk Assessment: Trio Exome Analysis aids in guiding reproductive planning and assessing the risk of recurrence for genetically heterogeneous diseases, where multiple genes can cause the same disease or condition.




  • Prognosis and Family History: Trio analysis also plays a role in prognosis, particularly when considering family history and its implications for disease management and treatment.




  • By leveraging Trio Exome Analysis, physicians can unlock a deeper understanding of inherited diseases, leading to improved patient care, earlier interventions, and more informed reproductive counseling.





Minagene's Trio Exome Test


Overview
Trio Exome Analysis is a powerful approach in the field of genetic diagnostics, specifically tailored to identify causal mutations for inherited diseases. This method utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to simultaneously sequence the coding regions of all genes within a family pedigree, providing valuable insights into the genetic basis of the disease.

By analyzing the trio, consisting of the affected individual and both parents, Trio Exome Analysis can detect variants inherited from the parents that may cause recessive or dominant diseases. Additionally, it can identify de novo variants that arise in the offspring but are not present in either parent.

Methodology
Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples is subjected to NGS using an Illumina platform, capturing and sequencing the coding regions of all genes. The resulting sequence data is aligned and analyzed for sequence variants.

Key Highlights of Minagene’s NIPT


  • Diagnostic Odyssey Resolution: Trio analysis becomes instrumental in cases where alternative diagnostic techniques fail to confirm a diagnosis, providing a pathway to end the diagnostic odyssey.



  • Enhanced Patient Management: Trio analysis aids in better patient management and can facilitate prenatal diagnosis where applicable, empowering physicians to provide more targeted care.



  • Overcoming Clinical Heterogeneity: Trio Exome Analysis is particularly valuable in situations where definitive clinical diagnosis is challenging due to clinical heterogeneity, especially for rare congenital disorders where traditional methods fall short in identifying the causal variant.



  • Compared to analyzing only the proband, the overall diagnostic yield of Trio Exome Analysis utilizing exome sequencing has shown a 5-10% increase, emphasizing its significant contribution to genetic diagnostics.



  • The Trio Exome Test is recommended when an individual’s medical examination, laboratory findings, and family history suggest an underlying genetic etiology. Here are some scenarios where the test can be valuable:



  • Undiagnosed Genetic Diseases: When extensive evaluation and multiple genetic tests fail to identify the cause of a genetic disease, Trio Exome Analysis can provide valuable insights for diagnosis.



  • Medical Intervention and Treatment: Trio analysis can facilitate medical intervention, treatment planning, and personalized care based on the identified genetic variants.



  • Reproductive Planning and Recurrence Risk Assessment: Trio Exome Analysis aids in guiding reproductive planning and assessing the risk of recurrence for genetically heterogeneous diseases, where multiple genes can cause the same disease or condition.



  • Prognosis and Family History: Trio analysis also plays a role in prognosis, particularly when considering family history and its implications for disease management and treatment.



  • By leveraging Trio Exome Analysis, physicians can unlock a deeper understanding of inherited diseases, leading to improved patient care, earlier interventions, and more informed reproductive counseling.



Diseases


  • Prader-Willi Syndrome



  • Angelman Syndrome



  • Digeorge Syndrome



  • Cystic Fibrosis



  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy



  • Fragile X Syndrome



  • Beta Thalassemia



  • Sickle Cell Disease/Trait



  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia



  • Alpha Thalassemia



  • Intellectual disability



  • Congenital glaucoma



  • Bardet–Biedl syndrome



  • Meckel– Gruber syndrome



  • organic acidaemia



  • lysosomal storage disorders



  • retinal dystrophies



  • Hearing loss and primary microcephaly



  • Thrombocytopenia



  • Spherocytosis



  • Hemolytic anemia



  • G6PD deficient



  • C6 deficiency



  • Aminoacylase 1 deficiency



  • Sitosterolemia 2



  • Chronic granulomatous disease











Overview


Minagene's ExomeMax is a comprehensive genetic evaluation tool designed to enhance diagnostic outcomes by providing improved coverage of disease-associated genes. With an inclusive design and expert augmentation, ExomeMax offers a thorough assessment of inherited disease genes, taking into account the constantly evolving genotype-phenotype associations in the field of genetics.


Key Highlights of Minagene's ExomeMax:



Key Highlights of Minagene's ExomeMax:




  • Enhanced Gene Coverage: ExomeMax includes coverage of alternate gene transcripts (MANE, GENCODE, REFSEQ), ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of disease-associated genes.




  • Non-Coding Pathogenic Variant Coverage: ExomeMax incorporates coverage of non-coding pathogenic variants sourced from HGMD/ClinVar, enabling a more thorough assessment of genetic variations.




  • Complete Mitochondrial Genome Coverage: ExomeMax provides 100% coverage of the mitochondrial genome, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genetic disorders.




  • ML-Powered Variant Analysis: Variant analysis is powered by machine learning (ML) algorithms, ensuring robust and accurate interpretation of genetic variants. The results are reviewed by certified Clinical Geneticists, adding an additional layer of expertise.




  • Extensive Validation and Proficiency Testing: ExomeMax undergoes extensive validation and proficiency testing, including CAP proficiency testing, to ensure consistency, validity, and accuracy of the results.




  • Specialized Probes for Superior Detection: ExomeMax utilizes specialized probes that enhance the detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs), improving the sensitivity and specificity of the test.




  • Panel Size and Coverage: ExomeMax covers a panel size of 47 Mb, encompassing over 20,000 genes and more than 210,000 exons.




When to Consider an ExomeMax Test:




  • Clinical Findings or Family History: ExomeMax should be considered when clinical findings or family history suggest an underlying genetic cause for a patient’s condition.




  • Genetically Heterogeneous Diseases: ExomeMax is valuable for screening genetically heterogeneous diseases, where multiple genes can contribute to the same disease or condition.




  • Undiagnosed Genetic Diseases: In cases of undiagnosed genetic diseases, where patients have undergone a diagnostic odyssey without a clear diagnosis, ExomeMax can provide valuable insights.




  • Medical Intervention and Treatment: ExomeMax can facilitate medical intervention and treatment planning based on the identified genetic variants.




  • Confirmation of Suspected Genetic Diagnosis: When there is a suspected genetic diagnosis, ExomeMax can confirm the presence of the suspected genetic variant.




  • Reproductive Planning and Recurrence Risk Assessment: ExomeMax aids in guiding reproductive planning by assessing the risk of recurrence for inherited conditions and providing valuable insights for family planning.




  • Prognosis and Family History: ExomeMax can contribute to determining prognosis based on family history, providing valuable information for disease management and treatment decisions.




Validation




  • ExomeMax undergoes requisite quality controls throughout the workflow, from laboratory sample processing to interpretation, ensuring consistency, validity, and accuracy of the results. The analytical sensitivity of ExomeMax is supported by NIST reference standard NA12878, with a high sensitivity for SNPs (99%) and Indels (96.2%). Copy number variant (CNV) pipeline is evaluated using orthogonally validated methods. Minagene’s proprietary ML-enabled analysis tool is utilized, and the results are reviewed by certified clinical geneticists.




  • Minagene’s ExomeMax provides physicians with a comprehensive and accurate genetic evaluation tool, enabling precise diagnoses, improved patient management, and enhanced reproductive planning.












Overview


Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) is a genomic test that examines the complete coding region of the genome, including all coding regions and splice junctions. Unlike targeted gene panels, WES analyzes variations in the protein-coding region of any gene, offering a broader scope for identifying disease-causing mutations. Since most known disease-causing mutations occur in exons, WES is often more effective than whole genome sequencing.


Methodology



Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)


Genomic DNA extracted from blood is used to simultaneously capture and sequence the coding regions of all genes on an Illumina platform. The resulting sequence data is then aligned and analyzed to identify sequence variants.


Key Highlights of the Test:


Key Highlights of the Test:


-Patients with a combination of symptoms that do not provide a precise diagnosis or phenotype of a suspected genetic disease.


-Cases where a delayed differential diagnosis could have a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life.


-Situations where a stepwise diagnostic approach would be costly and time-consuming.


-When physicians are unable to provide a plausible diagnosis based on the presented symptoms.


-When no other available techniques can confirm the diagnosis and put an end to the diagnostic odyssey.


Whole Exome Sequencing offers a comprehensive analysis of the coding regions of the genome, providing valuable insights into genetic diseases and enabling physicians to make more accurate diagnoses for their patients.










Overview


Minagene's Carrier Screening Test provides comprehensive
mutation analysis to assess reproductive carrier statuses
for autosomal recessive and X-linked genetic disorders.
As a physician, understanding your patient's risk levels
empowers informed family planning choices.


Methodology



Minagene utilizes next-generation


Minagene utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to comprehensively detect all known common and rare disease-causing variants. Our scientific team adheres to guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) to ensure the highest quality and most up-to-date testing standards.


Key Highlights of Minagene's Carrier Screening:


Accuracy


Minagene’s CLIA/CAP accredited and ISO 15189 certified laboratory utilizes rigorous quality control checks to ensure over 99.9% accuracy in variant identification. The combination of NGS and MLPA methods allows for comprehensive detection of all mutation types.


Interpretability


Genetic counselors generate clear, easy to understand reports highlighting clinically significant findings and residual risks. Counseling is available to help clinicians clearly communicate results and recommendations to patients.


Breadth of Coverage


With over 2000 genes included, Minagene’s Carrier Screening test has the most extensive screening panel available. It identifies variants across the widest range of autosomal recessive and X-linked conditions.


Turnaround Time


Results are prioritized to be delivered within industry-leading windows to facilitate prompt family planning decisions


Ethnicity-Agnostic


The latest sequencing and analytical technologies provide assured detection of variants in all populations for uniform screening utility worldwide.


When to consider Minagene’s Carrier Screening.


Preconception Carrier Screening


For all couples considering pregnancy, genetic testing allows identification of carrier statuses to assess recessive disease transmission risks and assist family planning.


Prenatal Diagnosis


Minagene’s carrier screening test detects variant patterns that can guide invasive prenatal testing options like amniocentesis when coupled with a previous affected family history or ultrasound findings.


Reproductive Decision-Making


Results empower couples and providers to make well-informed choices about pursuing pregnancy, using preimplantation genetic testing, or considering alternative fertility treatments and family planning strategies


Recurrence Risk Assessment


Families with a history of genetic disorders benefit from delineation of residual risk levels to budget care, support, and facilities required for an affected offspring.

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